Example 2.  Lotka-Volterra Model.  Solve the I.V.P.  
    [Graphics:Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_134.gif]  with  [Graphics:Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_135.gif],  
and
    [Graphics:Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_136.gif]  with  [Graphics:Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_137.gif].    
Use several intervals  
[Graphics:Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_138.gif].
2 (a).  Use the interval   [Graphics:Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_139.gif].
2 (b).  Use the interval   [Graphics:Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_140.gif].
2 (c).  Use the interval   [Graphics:Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_141.gif].
Can you discover if the solution form an "orbit."

Solution 2.

Enter the functions  [Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_142.gif]  and  [Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_143.gif]  and form the vector function  [Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_144.gif].  

[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_145.gif]



[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_146.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_147.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_148.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_149.gif]

Compute the Runge-Kutta solution.

[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_150.gif]


[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_151.gif]

[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_152.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_153.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_154.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_155.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_156.gif]


[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_157.gif]


[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_158.gif]

[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_159.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_160.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_161.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_162.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_163.gif]


[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_164.gif]


[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_165.gif]

[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_166.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_167.gif]

Do the two curves join up?

[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_168.gif]


[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_169.gif]

[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_170.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_171.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_172.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_173.gif]

The "true solution" is known to be a closed curve, and there is no known analytic formulas for the solution curve.  

[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_174.gif]


[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_175.gif]

[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_176.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_177.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_178.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_179.gif]

More subintervals will produce better results.  

[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_180.gif]


[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_181.gif]

[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_182.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_183.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_184.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_185.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_186.gif]

Aside.  

Let us investigate the critical point of the D. E.

[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_187.gif]


[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_188.gif]

[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_189.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_190.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/Lotka-VolterraMod_gr_191.gif]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(c) John H. Mathews 2004